
California mandates that auto manufacturers bring electric vehicles to market by 2003, regardless of consumer demand. The state offers a $5,000 subsidy for those few consumers who buy electric cars, which, coupled with a ten percent federal tax credit, still makes the vehicles frightfully expensive. What's more, a report by the University of California Institute of Transportation Studies estimates that even if all vehicles in the United States were electric, emissions would be reduced by only 20 percent due to shifting of pollution from tailpipes to electric power plants. "The same improvement could be achieved at far lower cost just by improving the efficiency of gas-burning cars," the report says.