Defending racial preferences in a Vanderbilt Law Review article, attorney Luther Wright Jr. argued that stricter racial classification systems needed to be enforced to recognize the "permanent importance" of racial divisions in an era of widespread racial mixing. To prevent whites from committing "racial fraud" by attempting to pass themselves off as blacks to secure undeserved entitlements, they should be subject to "fines and immediate job or benefit termination."

[Ed.: Comparing contemporary racial classifications with those of the Jim Crow era, Emerge magazine noted that "American blacks now feel that they have a vested interest in a rule [the one-drop rule] that has for centuries been a key instrument in their oppression," since it maximizes their numbers.]

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